The Use of Precedent by International Judges and Arbitrators

Between Legitimacy and Control: Challenges and Recusals of Arbitrators and Judges in International Courts and Tribunals

How do judges learn from precedent?

Federal appellate judges cite cases by sister circuits. Why is that? Common wisdom holds that judges look to out-of-circuit cases for credible legal arguments -as persuasive precedent. But hard-core adherents of the attitudinal model (Segal and Spaeth 2002) – and certain cynical realists and critical legal studies scholars – might argue that judges decide in accordance with their policy or poli...

exploring interconnections between iranian efl teachers beleifs about the status of english as an international language (efl), use of mother tongue in efl classroom, and diffrences between native and non-native teachers of english

in one pole of the continuum of language learning, theoreticians and practitioners traditionally consider english as english as a second language or english as a foreign language. however, in the other pole of this continuum where english is thought of as the most effective tool for international communication, it is referred to as a lingua franca. those who favor an approach to english growing...

the impact of generative learning strategy use on efl learners’ reading achievement and critical thinking

این پژوهش کوشیده است تأثیر به کارگیری راهبردهای زایا را بر پیشرفت و بسندگی در خواندن و درک مطلب و نیز بر تفکر انتقادی زبان آموزان انگلیسی را بررسی کند. در این پژوهش تعداد 46 دانش آموز دختر در مقطع متوسطه اول به صورت تصادفی انتخاب وبه دو گروه تجربی و شاهد با تعداد دانش آموزان مساوی در هر گروه تقسیم شدند. به هر دو گروه سه داستان کوتاه به عنوان موضوع خواندن برای کلاس داده شد. به گروه تجربی درابتدا...

Judging the judges: Evaluating the performance of international gymnastics judges

Judging a gymnastics routine is a noisy process, and the performance of judges varies widely. The International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG), in collaboration with Longines and the Université de Neuchâtel, is designing and implementing an improved statistical engine to analyze the performance of gymnastics judges during and after major competitions like the Olympic Games and the World Champio...